Characterization of low-temperature pyroclastic surges that occurred in the northeastern Japan arc during the late 19th century     

Akihiko Fujinawa  Masao Ban  Tsukasa Ohba  Kazuo Kontani  Kotaro Miura 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

Three eruption events occurring in the central part of the northeastern Japan arc were investigated and compared: Adatara AD1900, Zao AD1895, and Bandai AD1888. Producing low-temperature (LT) pyroclastic surges, these events are characterized by steam eruptions ejecting no juvenile material. These eruptions' well-preserved eruptive deposits and facies facilitated granulometric analyses of the beds, which revealed the transport and deposition mechanisms of LT surges. Combining these results with those of investigations of documents reporting the events, we correlated each eruption to the relevant individual bed and reconstructed the LT surge development sequence. Important findings related to the transport and deposition modes are the following. (1) Bed sets consisting of thin, laminated ash and its overlying thick massive tuff were recognized in the Adatara 1900 proximal deposits. The bed set was probably produced by a strong wind that discharged and propagated quickly from the vent (leading wind) and a gravitationally segregated, highly concentrated flow originated from the eruption column, within a discrete eruption episode. A similar combination might have occurred during the first surge of the Bandai 1888 event. (2) Comparison of the proximal and distal facies for the largest eruption of Adatara 1900 event indicates that the initial turbulence of the eruption cloud decreased rapidly, transforming into a density-stratified surge with a highly concentrated part near the base. Similar surges occurred in the climatic stage of Zao 1895. (3) Bandai 1888 ejecta indicate massive beds deposited preferentially at topographic lows. Co-occurring planar beds showed no topographic affection, as indicated by the topographic blocking of a stratified surge. The observed facies–massive tuffs, crudely stratified tuffs, and thin bedded tuffs–are compatible with those for high-temperature surges. At Bandai, absence of dune bedded tuffs and commonly poorer sorting in the LT surge deposits might be attributable to poor thermally induced turbulence of eruption columns. Condensation of vapor in the surges might have contributed to the poor sorting. The estimated explosion energies were 6 × 10¹³ J for Adatara AD1900, 6.5 × 10¹⁰ J for Zao AD1895, and 6.5 × 10¹⁵ J for Bandai AD1888, implying that the three events were hydrothermal eruptions with distinctive eruptive mechanisms. Regarding eruption sources, the Adatara 1900 event was caused solely by thermal energy of the hydrothermal fluid, although magma intrusion likely triggered evolution of hydrothermal systems at Zao in 1895. Steam eruptions in the Bandai 1888 event occurred simultaneously with sudden exposure of the hydrothermal system, whose triggers require no internal energy.  相似文献   

Detailed oceanic structure in the vicinity of the shoal Kokusho-sone     

Masao Fukasawa  Yutaka Nagata 《Journal of Oceanography》1978,34(2):41-49

The detailed oceanic structure was observed near the shoal Kokusho-sone (3000N, 12830E), which is located near the axis of the Kuroshio in the East China Sea. The detailed temperature cross-sections along the meridian 12830E, which passes over the shoal, strongly suggest that upwelling is forced along the north slope of the shoal. The behavior of the coastal waters near the Kuroshio front and of the cold water belt along the north-western side of the Kuroshio are also discussed.  相似文献   

Petrology of Aoso volcano,northeast Japan arc: temporal variation of the magma feeding system and nature of low-K amphibole andesite in the Aoso-Osore volcanic zone     

Naruhisa?Toya  Masao?BanEmail author  Ryuichi?Shinjo 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2005,148(5):566-581

The Aoso volcano is a member of the newly defined volcanic front of Northeast Japan, characterized by the occurrence of low-K and hornblende andesites. Its activity can be divided into three stages: the early, caldera-forming, and late stages. While petrographic and geochemical data show all products underwent magma mixing or co-mingling, Sr and Nd isotopic ratios indicate that all are consanguineous. The end-member magmas are basaltic and andesitic in the early stage, but basaltic and dacitic in the late stage. In the caldera-forming stage, hornblende-free and hornblende-rich andesites co-mingled, which triggered an explosive eruption leading to caldera formation. Hornblende occurs also in the dacite from the early part of the late stage. These hornblende andesites and dacites are lower in magmatic temperature compared to hornblende-free andesites. The estimated basaltic end-member is low-K and high in magmatic temperature, and can be derived by a high degree of partial melting of mantle under the volcanic front. The estimated andesitic and dacitic end-members cannot be derived from the basaltic end-member magma through fractional crystallization, but can be derived from partial re-melting of the solidified low-K basalt, leaving amphibolitic and gabbroic residues, respectively.  相似文献   

Stepwise enrichment of 15N along food chains: Further evidence and the relation between δ15N and animal age   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Masao Minagawa  Eitaro Wada 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1984,48(5):1135-1140

The isotopic composition of nitrogen was measured in marine and fresh-water animals from the East China Sea, The Bering Sea, Lake Ashinoko and Usujiri intertidal zone. Primary producers, showed average δ¹⁵Nversus atmospheric nitrogen of +5.0%. (+3.4 to +7.5) in the Bering Sea and Lake Ashinoko, and +6.8%. (+6.0 to +7.6) in Usujiri intertidal zone. Blue green algae from the East China Sea show an average ?0.55%. (?0.8 to +1.2). All consumers, Zooplankton, fish and bird exhibited Stepwise enrichment of ¹⁵N with increasing trophic level. The ¹⁵N enrichment at a single feeding process ranged from +1.3 to +5.3 averaging +3.4 ± 1.1%.. This isotopic fractionation seems to be independent of habitat.The effect of age in animals was obtained by analyzing two marine mussels. The soft tissue nitrogen showed +2.0%. enrichment relative to that of primary producers, and the magnitude was almost constant with shell ages ranging from 0 to 8 years.A similar ¹⁵N enrichment occurs in all Molluscs, Crustaceans, Insecta, Amphibia, Fish, Ave and Mammal species regardless of the difference in the form of excreted nitrogen and in laboratory cultured fish, brine shrimp and mice (+2.9 to +4.9%.). The excreted ammonia from guppy was sufficiently light to balance the concentration of ¹⁵N to animal body.  相似文献   

莱河矿(Fe_0.5²⁺Fe_1.0³⁺SiO₄)的超结构          下载免费PDF全文

沈步明  玉田攻  北村雅夫  森本信男 《地质科学》1982,(3):341-342

莱河矿于1976年在中国辽宁省的磁铁矿床中首次被发现,许多人对它进行过研究。该矿物为黑色、不透明,化学式为Fe_0.58²⁺Fe_1.0³⁺Mg_0.03Si_0.96O₄,虽然它的晶体结构近似于橄榄石,但已确定为单斜晶系,空间群为P2₁/b。本文作者利用X射线、电子探针、高分解能透过电子显微镜对该矿物进行了系统的研究,发现它具有假双晶、超结构和显微条纹结构。  相似文献   

Dynamical downscaling: Fundamental issues from an NWP point of view and recommendations   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Song-You Hong  Masao Kanamitsu 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2014,50(1):83-104

Dynamical downscaling has been recognized as a useful tool not only for the climate community, but also for associated application communities such as the environmental and hydrological societies. Although climate projection data are available in lower-resolution general circulation models (GCMs), higher-resolution climate projections using regional climate models (RCMs) have been obtained over various regions of the globe. Various model outputs from RCMs with a high resolution of even as high as a few km have become available with heavy weight on applications. However, from a scientific point of view in numerical atmospheric modeling, it is not clear how to objectively judge the degree of added value in the RCM output against the corresponding GCM results. A key factor responsible for skepticism is based on the fundamental limitations in the nesting approach between GCMs and RCMs. In this article, we review the current status of the dynamical downscaling for climate prediction, focusing on basic assumptions that are scrutinized from a numerical weather prediction (NWP) point of view. Uncertainties in downscaling due to the inconsistencies in the physics packages between GCMs and RCMs were revealed. Recommendations on how to tackle the ultimate goal of dynamical downscaling were also described.  相似文献   

An evaluation of the seasonal added value of downscaling over the United States using new verification measures     

Laurel L. De Haan  Masao Kanamitsu  Fernando De Sales  Liqiang Sun 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2015,122(1-2):47-57

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Catalina Eddy as revealed by the historical downscaling of reanalysis     

Masao Kanamitsu  Elena Yulaeva  Haiqin Li  Song-You Hong 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2013,49(4):467-481

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Low cyclic fatigue and hysteretic behavior of U‐shaped steel dampers for seismically isolated buildings under dynamic cyclic loadings          下载免费PDF全文

Yu Jiao  Shoichi Kishiki  Satoshi Yamada  Diana Ene  Yoshinao Konishi  Yuuma Hoashi  Masao Terashima 《地震工程与结构动力学》2015,44(10):1523-1538

Energy dissipation devices are necessary for base‐isolated buildings to control the deformation in the isolation system and to dissipate the earthquake‐induced energy. U‐shaped steel dampers (also known as U‐dampers) dissipate energy through plastic deformation of specially designed U‐shaped steel elements. This type of device can be installed at several locations in the isolation system. U‐dampers have been widely used in Japan for different types of isolated structures, such as hospitals, plants and residential buildings, since the 1995 Kobe Earthquake. Previous research has used static tests to estimate the performance of U‐dampers. However, the ultimate plastic deformation capacities and hysteretic behaviors of full‐scale U‐dampers under dynamic excitations still remain unclear. In addition, it is unclear whether the initial temperature has an effect on the hysteretic behavior and plastic deformation capacity of U‐dampers. In this paper, two series of dynamic loading tests of U‐dampers were conducted to evaluate the issues described earlier. The major findings of the study are (i) the loading speed has little effect on the plastic deformation capacity of U‐dampers; (ii) method to evaluate the ultimate plastic deformation capacities of U‐shaped steel dampers of different sizes is established using a Manson–Coffin relation‐based equation that is based on the peak‐to‐peak horizontal shear angle γ_t, which is defined as the lateral deformation amplitude (peak‐to‐peak amplitude) divided by the height of the dampers; (iii) the loading rate and the initial temperature have a minimal effect on the hysteretic behavior of the U‐dampers; and (iv) a bilinear model is proposed to simulate the force‐deformation relationships of the U‐dampers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Consistent DOF reduction of tall steel frames          下载免费PDF全文

Yoshikazu Araki  Masahito Ohno  Isoshi Mukai  Naoki Hashimoto 《地震工程与结构动力学》2017,46(10):1581-1597

This paper presents an energy‐consistent approach for reducing the number of degrees‐of‐freedom (DOFs) in tall steel frames. In the present approach, the moment resistance of beams and columns in each story is represented by the moment resistance of a rotational spring and a beam‐column element, respectively. The shear resistance provided by braces in each story is represented by the shear resistance of a shear spring. Furthermore, the resistance to the overturning moment provided by axial resistance of columns in each story is represented by the moment resistance of a rotational spring. These representations are carried out by achieving the equivalence between the strain energy stored and dissipated in the elements in the full (unreduced) DOF models and the strain energy stored and dissipated in the corresponding elements in the reduced DOF models. The accuracy of the present approach is demonstrated through numerical examples, which compare the results of nonlinear time history analyses obtained using the full and reduced DOF models. In the numerical examples, the response is estimated for 20‐story and 40‐story steel frames with and without buckling‐restraint braces subjected to a suite of near‐fault and far‐fault ground motions. The present approach is useful in estimating the response of tall steel frames having non‐regular member arrangements to a suite of intense ground motions including near‐fault ones, where it is crucial to capture the influence of higher mode effects on collapse mechanisms. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献